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Simple Automatic Water Pump Controller Circuit Diagram is a series of functions to control the Automatic Water Pump Controller Circuit in a reservoir or water storage. As the water level sensor made with a metal plate mounted on the reservoir or water tank, with a sensor in the short to create the top level and a detection sensor for detecting long again made the lower level and ground lines connected to the bottom of reservoirs or reservoir. 

The series of automatic water pump controller is designed with 2 inputs NOR by 4 pieces and relay that is activated by the transistor. Automatic water pump circuit requires +12 VDC voltage source and can be used to control the water pump is connected to AC power . Here is the complete series of pictures.

R1 = 15K

R2 = 15K

R3 = 10K

R4 = 1K

D1 = LED

D2 = 1N4148

Q1 = BC337

IC1 = 4001

SW = SPDT Switches

Relay RL1 = 12V

How to Build a100W Inverter 12V to 220V Circuit Diagram. When use the electric appliances that want 220V AC 50HZ, which have small-sized about 100Watt not exceed. By when you apply outside home, as a result have to have Mini power inverter about 100Watt, perform modify from work electricity forces of battery 12V give tall fair the work. 

 If you are New user electronics or want to economize or want to build electronics project use by oneself. I begs for to advise this circuit , because it uses , transistor number BC557 or the number replaces, perform oscillator generator. Then have power transistor 2N3055 numbers perform to drive coil transformer for converter voltage give tall go up 220V AC 50HZ at the electric power about 100 watt not exceed. When apply to transformer about 2A-3A. Picture circuit detail and like model PCB Board.

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This is a simple TV audio video transmitter circuit can be constructed using this schematic diagram . This TV audio video transmitter circuit can be used to transmit video signals from VCR ( or some other device ) to a TV without using any cable .

Video signals input at jack J1 are first terminated by resistor R6 and coupled through capacitor C1 to clamping-diode D1. Potentiometer R3 is used to set the gain of the video signal; its effect is similar to that of the contrast control on a TV set.

Bias-control R7 can be used to adjust the black level of the picture so that some level of signal is transmitted, even for a totally dark picture.

RF-transformer T1 and its internal capacitor form the tank circuit of a Hartley oscillator that's tuned to 4.5 megahertz. Audio signals input at J2 are coupled to the base of Q3 via C2 and R4: the audio signal modulates the base signal of Q3 to form an audio subcarrier that‚s 4.5-megahertz higher than the video-carrier frequency.

The FM modulated subcarrier is applied to the modulator section through C5 and R9.
Resistor R9 adjusts the level of the subcarrier with respect to the video signal.

Transistors Q1 and Q2 amplitude modulate the video and audio signals onto an RF-carrier signal. The operating frequency is set by coil L4, which is 3.5 turns of 24- gauge enameled wire on a form containing a standard ferrite slug.

The RF output from the oscillator (L4, C7 and C9 ) section is amplified by Q5 and Q6, whose supply voltage comes from the modulator . Antenna matching and low-pass filtering is performed by C12, C13, and L1.

Resistor R12 is optional; it is added to help match the output signal to any kind of antenna.
To align this audio video transmitter you need to tune a TV receiver to an unused channel between 2 and 6. The TV must have an indoor antenna connected directly to it; an outdoor antenna or cable won't work. Make sure both potentiometers (R3, R7) are in middle position and apply power to the transmitter. Adjust L4 with a nonmetallic tool until the TV screen goes blank ,then fine-adjust L4 for the "most-blank" picture.
Connect the video and audio outputs from a VCR(AV source) to jacks J1 and J2 (respectively) of the transmitter .

After that you should see a picture on the TV screen: if you do, readjust L4 for the best picture; if you don't, check the board for any bad connections. Next, adjust R3 for the best picture brightness and R7 for the best overall picture.

Finally, adjust T1 with a nonmetallic tool for the best sound .
The TV transmitter combines line level audio and video signals, and transmits the resulting signal up to 300 feet. The circuit can be powered from a 9-12V power supply circuit .

 

Whereas it's traveled 11.6 billion miles to interstellar space, Voyager 1's software isn't as high-tech as you may believe. In detail, it has less than 40 KB of recollection. To put that in viewpoint, your 16 GB iPhone 5 has about 240,000 times the recollection of a Voyager spacecraft.

NASA developed Voyager in the 1970s in a pre-computer era when scientists had to rely solely on pencil, paper, chalkboards and their own mathematical abilities. While that appears unimaginable in a time when we contain decades' worth of computational power in our pouches, Voyager 1 is one of NASA's most thriving missions, and project researcher Edward Stone states he wouldn't have changed a thing.

"It's astonishing it's continued as long as it has," pebble notifies Mashable. "I don't know how we could have done things much better than they were finished. I mean things do wear out, and we've had to swap to some of our backup schemes, but luckily we have backup schemes. That was part of the wonderful conceive of Voyager."

That thriving conceive is due, in part, to Jupiter. The team took a nine-month detour to ascertain each circuit and part to ensure it could withstand the strong emission it would face in the planet's demanding natural environment.

"That was sort of our life test," Stone says. "Having survived Jupiter, in a certain sense, meant we had designed a spacecraft with a very robust answer to natural, slow degradation."

Thirty six years after launch, NASA has turned off some of Voyager 1's functions — some due to degradation, other ones easily because they're unusable in its present natural natural natural environment. For demonstration, the group turned off Voyager 1's camera — which broke the famous fair blue dot image — because it's too dark to arrest a photo in interstellar space.

Researchers still obtain faint (but exciting) facts and figures from Voyager 1 as it journeys through an unexplored district of space. The spacecraft communicates back to soil utilising a 22.4-Watt transmitter — the matching of a frig lightweight bulb. When those signals come to soil — which takes about 17 hours traveling at the pace of lightweightweight — they are about 0.2 billion-billionth of a Watt.

Although, when it comes to battery life, Voyager 1 has a leg up on the iPhone (and just about any other consumer electrical devices, for that matter). The spacecraft has a plutonium power provide that brags an 88-year half life, meaning we'll stay in feel for years.

"It's a very simple, long-lived source of power, but finally it will run out," pebble states. Unfortunately, Voyager 1 won't have a charger to plug in to when that time rolls around — between 2020 and 2025.

This is the simple Remote control tester circuit diagram. When the remote control is not working, first check the battery before, It may be loss.If it is good,so detect transmit infrared light device.However, because the human eye can not see infrared light,so can not know how good or bad.But the photo transistor can use to detect infrared light. 

This circuit so use this photo transistor is the light receiver from the remote control.If it is nice to have the bias current of the transistor BC558.It runs a current flows through the LED,so the LED bright.The remote control that works correctly. The variable resistor VR1 is used to adjust the sensitivity of the circuit.

 

This is the Simple 500W Inverter 12 Volt to 220 Volt Circuit Diagram about the the inverter, because like working outdoors, or to backup storage to use when necessary. Most of this is circuit low power, which is not suitable for practical applications. My friends said that he would be about 500 Watt. It is a good size. Use with television receivers and light bulbs as well. When looking for circuit. I get headaches. 

 

If you are a beginner or I can not buy expensive good quality circuits. Requires only one transistor. Or if you have free time. I want to build old circuit is alive again. This circuit will accommodate all your needs. It is a simple circuit. The same principle, I take battery voltage 12V to produce a oscillator about 100 Hz and pass to a two frequency divider circuit is only 50HZ. and drive a 10 ampere transformer with 10 x 2N3055 transistor in parallel. 

By a single transistor has 2A, when I use 10 transistors or 5 pairs of drive high current output. The complexity of circuit, but the principle is not it, and it is the number of transistors on a basic, easy to buy. You may be modified 100 watt power inverter To the size of transistors and transformers as well. 

In this Dual Regulated Power Supply Circuit Diagram, the 7815 regulates the positive supply, and the 7915 regulates the negative supply. The transformer should have a primary rating of 240/220 volts for europe, or 120 volts for North America. The centre tapped secondary coil should be rated about 18 volts at 1 amp or higher, allowing for losses in the regulator. An application for this type of circuit would be for a small regulated bench power supply. 

Many times the hobbyist desires to have a simple, dual power supply for a project. Existing power supplies may be large either in power output or physical size. a simple Dual Power Supply is necessary.For most non-critical applications the best & simplest choice for a voltage regulator is the 3-terminal type.The three terminals are input, ground & output.

The 78xx & 79xx series can provide up to 1A load current & it have on chip circuitry to prevent damage in the event of over heating or excessive current. That is, the chip basically shuts down than blowing out. These regulators are cheap, simple to make use of, & they make it practical to design a method with plenty of P C Bs in which an unregulated supply is brought in & regulation is done locally on each circuit board.

This Dual Power Supply project provides a dual power supply. With the appropriate choice of transformer & 3-terminal voltage regulator pairs you can basically build a tiny power supply delivering up to amp at +/- 5V, +/- 9V, +/- 12V, +/-15V or +/-18V. You require to provide the middle tapped transformer and the 3-terminal pair of regulators you require:7805 & 7905, 7809 & 7909, 7812 & 7912, 7815 & 7915or 7818 & 7918.

The user must pick the pair they needs for his particular application.

Note that the + & - regulators do not must be matched: you can for example, use a +5v & -9V pair. However,the positive regulator must be a 78xx regulator, & the negative a 79xx. They have built in plenty of safety in to this project so it ought to give plenty of years of continuous service.

Transformer
This Dual Power Supply design makes use of a full wave bridge rectifier coupled with a centre-tapped transformer. A transformer with a power output rated at at least 7VA ought to be used. The 7VA rating means that the maximum current which can be delivered without overheating will be around 390mA for the 9V+9V tap; 290mA for the 12V+12V and 230mA for the 15V+15V. If the transformer is rated by output RMS-current then the worth ought to be divided by one.2 to get the current which can be supplied. For example, in this case a 1A RMS can deliver 1/(one.2) or 830mA.

Rectifier

They use an epoxy-packaged four amp bridge rectifier with at least a peak reverse voltage of 200V. (Note the part numbers of bridge rectifiers are not standardised so the number are different from different manufacturers.) For safety the diode voltage rating ought to be at least to times that of the transformers secondary voltage. The current rating of the diodes ought to be two times the maximum load current that will be drawn.

Filter Capacitor
The purpose of the filter capacitor is to smooth out the ripple in the rectified AC voltage. There's dual amount of ripple is determined by the worth of the filer capacitor: the larger the worth the smaller the ripple.The two,200uF is an appropriate value for all the voltages generated using this project. The other consideration in choosing the correct capacitor is its voltage rating. The working voltage of the capacitor has to be greater than the peak output voltage of the rectifier. For an 18V supply the peak output voltage is one.4 x 18V, or 25V. So they have selected a 35V rated capacitor.

Regulators

The unregulated input voltage must always be higher than the regulators output voltage by at least 3V in order for it to work. If the input/output voltage difference is greater than 3V then the excess potential must be dissipated as heat. Without a heat sink three terminal regulators can dissipate about two watts. A simple calculation of the voltage differential times the current drawn will give the watts to be dissipated. Over two watts a heat sink must be provided. If not then the regulator will automatically turn off if the internal temperature reaches 150oC. For safety it is always best to make use of a small heat sink even in case you do not think you will need.

C4 & C5 improve the regulators ability to react to sudden changes in load current & to prevent uncontrolled oscillations.

The mono block capacitor C2 & C6 across the output provides high frequency decoupling which keep the impedance low at high frequencies.

Two LED's are provided to show when the output regulated power is online. You do not must make use of the LED's in the event you do not require to. However, the LED on the negative side of the circuit does provide a maximum load to the 79xx regulator which they found necessary in the coursework of testing. The negative 3-pin regulators did not like a zero load situation. They have provided a 470R/0.5W resistors as the current limiting resistors for the LED's.

These protect chiefly against any back emf which may come back in to the power supply when it supplies power to inductive lots. They also provide additional short circuit protection in the case that the positive output is connected by accident to the negative output. If this happened the usual current limiting shutdown in each regulator may not work as intended. The diodes will short circuit in this case & protect the two regulators.

The electric fence charger circuit presented here is basically a high voltage pulse generator. The super high voltage is derived from a commonly used automobile ignition coil. An a stable multivibrator is used to generate the required frequency to drive the ignition coil. Another a stable is used to control the pulses supplied to the fence.

 If you have large agricultural fields and desperately need to protect the crops from uninvited guests like animals and possibly humans, then this electric fence charger device is just what you are looking for. Build and install it yourself. An electric fence is an electrified high voltage barrier which produces painful shocks if physically touched or manipulated. Thus such fencing basically function as deterrents for animals as well as human intruders and stop them from crossing the restricted boundary.




The present circuit of an electric fence charger is designed and tested by me and has proved sufficiently powerful for the application. The circuit is able to produce voltage pulses up to 20,000 volts, needless to say about the fatality rate involved with it. However the pulses being intermittent, provides the subject with enough time to realize, recover and eject.

The generated pulse is so powerful that it can easily arc and fly-off between short distances of around a cm. so the fencing conductor needs to be separated adequately to avoid leakages through arcing and sparking. If not tackled, may drastically reduce the effectiveness of the unit.

Here the generation of high voltage is primarily carried out by an automobile ignition coil.

The winding ratios of an ignition coil are specifically designed and intended for creating high voltage arc between a two closely spaced conductors inside the ignition chamber to initiate the ignition process in vehicles.

Basically it’s just a step-up transformer, which is able to step-up an input applied voltage at its primary winding to monstrous levels at its output or the secondary winding.

SOME POINTS OF THE CIRCUIT AND THE IGNITION COIL IS VERY DANGEROUS TO TOUCH WHEN POWERED. ESPECIALLY THE IGNITION COIL OUTPUT IS TOO LETHAL AND MAY EVEN CAUSE PARALYSIS.

Let’s diagnose the whole thing more deeply.

Circuit Description

In the CIRCUIT DIAGRAMwe see that the entire circuit is basically comprised of four stages.

A DC oscillator stage, An intermediate 12 to 230 volts step-up stage, The voltage collector and firing stage and The super high voltage-booster stage.

 TR1 and TR2 are two normal step-down transformers whose secondary windings are connected through SCR2. TR2’s input primary winding may be selected as per the country specification.

IC1 along with the associated components forms a normal astable multivibrator stage. The supply voltage to the circuit is derived from the secondary of TR2 itself.

The output from the astable is used to trigger SCR2 and the whole system, at a particular fixed intermittent rate as per the settings of P1.

This Variable DC Power Supply (Rise) Circuit Diagram project provides the schematic & the parts list needed to construct a simple DC Power Supply from an input power supply of 7-20 V AC or 7-30V DC. This project will come in handy in case you use plenty of batteries for your basic electronics project.

Two DC voltage outputs are available; is a fixed regulated 5V for TTL use. The other output is variable from 5V upwards. The maximum output voltage depends on the input voltage. The specified maximum input DC voltage to the regulator is 35V. The maximum input voltage must be two volts higher than the regulated output voltage.

 Variable DC Power Supply (Rise) Circuit Diagram

The DC Power Supply circuit is based around the 7805 voltage regulator. It's only three connections input, output & ground & it provides a fixed output. The last digits of the part number specify the output voltage, e g. 05, 06, 08, ten, 12,15, 18, or 24. The 7800 series provides up to one amp load current & has on-chip circuitry to close down the regulator if any attempt is made to operate it outside its safe operating area.It can be seen that there's in fact separate circuits in this power supply. 7805 is directly connected as a fixed 5V regulator. The second 7805 has a resistor divider network on the output. A variable 500 ohm potentiometer is used to vary the output voltage from a maximum of 5V up to the maximum DC voltage depending on the input voltage. It will be about 2V below the input DC voltage.

The capacitor across the output improves transient response. The giant capacitor across the input is a filter capacitor to help smooth out ripple in the rectified AC voltage. The larger the filter capacitor the lower the ripple.

For tiny applications the heat sinks won't be needed. The tab on the regulator will dissipate 2W at 25 o C in air. (This is equivalent, for example, to an input voltage of 9V, an output of 5V & drawing 500 m A.) However, as your projects get bigger they will draw more current from the power supply and the regulators will operate at a higher temperature and a heat sink will be needed. You can basically add voltage & current meters to it and put it in to an appropriate plastic case connected to a transformer.

Trouble Shooting Procedure

An LED has been put in to the output of the fixed 5V regulator to indicate that the circuit is working. Poor soldering is the most likely reason that the circuit does not work. Check that all the soldering is done properly. Check that all parts are in their correct position on the PCB. Other items to check are to make sure that the regulators, electrolytic capacitor & bridge rectifier are inserted in the correct orientation.

This is a Simple Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Circuit Diagram. This device is designed to be a simple, inexpensive ‘comparator’, intended for use in a solar cell power supply setup where a quick ‘too low’ or ‘just right’ voltage indicator is needed. The circuit consists only of one 5V regulator, two transistors, two LEDs, five resistors, two capacitors, and one small battery. Although a 4-V battery is indicated, 4.5 V (3 alkalines in series) or 3.6 V (3 NiCd cells in series) will also work. 

The specifications of voltage regulator IC1 are mainly determined by the size and number of the solar cells and the current pull of the equipment connected to the output. Here the low-drop 4805 is suggested but other regulators may work equally well as long as you observe the output voltage of the solar cells. Transistors T1 and T2 are complementary types i.e. one each of the pnp and npn variety. 

Although the ubiquitous BC557B (pnp) and BC547B (npn) are indicated, any small-signal equivalents out of the junk box will probably do. The values of voltage dividers R1/R6 and R3/R4 may need to be adjusted according to the type of transistor and its gain, or according to the desired voltage thresholds. Using the resistor values shown in the schematic, LED D2 turns on fully when the voltage is just above 5 volts. 

LED D1 turns on when the voltage drops below 4.2 volts or so. Between those two thresholds, there is a sort of no man’s land where both LEDs are on dimly. A buzzer or other warning device could be connected across the terminals of LED D1 to give a more substantial warning if the voltage drops below operating limits. The current consumption of the circuit is about 20 mA at 5 V, and it decreases with the voltage supplied by the solar cells.

This is a Variable 5 to 20V DC Supply Circuit Diagram. If you are looking for a low drop voltage regulator that can provide a power supply of 1A with an output voltage of between 5V and 20V DC, National Semiconductor LM2941 Low Dropout Adjustable Regulator is that you can pick to make use of. It's a typical dropout voltage of 0.5V which means that the input supply need only must be 0.5V DC over the desired output voltage. 

 

Its other features include internal short circuit current limit and reverse battery protection. As shown in the schematic below, the regulator has five pins which consists of the ON/OFF control, Input Voltage, Output Voltage, Ground & Adjustable pins. ON/OFF is used for the purpose of switching on & off of the regulator. The capacitors C1 & E1 are to be placed as close as feasible to the regulator. 

The output of the circuit can be varied by varying the worth of potentiometer VR1 from 5V DC to 20V DC. The input voltage is limited from five.5V DC to 30V DC. Resistor R1 must be greater than 1K. The worth of the VR1 that needs to be set is calculated from the formula given below: 

VR1 = R1[(Vout/1.275) - 1] ohm

 If R1=1K, Vout = 5V, VR1 should be set to 2.9K ohm. 

 If R1=1K, Vout = 20V, VR1 should be set to 14.7K ohm

You can Make Relay Based Motorcycle Alarm Circuit Diagrams. You can use them to protect your motorcycle - but they have many more applications. If you use relays with 6-volt coils - they'll protect your "Classic Bike". Both alarms are very small. The completed boards occupy about half a cubic-inch - 8 cc. The standby current is zero - so they won't drain your battery.

Relay Based Motorcycle Alarm Circuit Diagram 1 uses a SPCO/SPDT relay - but you really only need to use a SPST relay. If you are going to use the veroboard layout provided - you'll need to use the style of relay specified. But you can build the alarm using whatever style of relay you have available.

Relay Based Motorcycle Alarm Circuit Diagram 1

Any number of normally-open switches may be used. Fit the mercury switches so that they close when the steering is moved or when the bike is lifted off its side-stand or pushed forward off its centre-stand. Use micro-switches to protect removable panels and the lids of panniers etc. When one of the trigger-switches is closed - the relay will energize and the siren will sound.

You can choose what happens next. If you build the circuit as shown, the siren will continue to sound until you turn it off - or until the battery is exhausted. But, if you leave out D3 - the siren will stop sounding immediately the trigger-switch is re-opened.

While you're within earshot of your machine - the former configuration is best. You can always turn off the alarm yourself. But if you are going to be away from your bike for any length of time - and you don't want to cause a nuisance - then the latter configuration is probably more suitable. If you include a SPST switch in series with D3 - you can select the behaviour that best suits the circumstances at any given time.

 Any number of normally-open switches may be used. Fit the mercury switches so that they close when the steering is moved or when the bike is lifted off its side-stand or pushed forward off its centre-stand. Use micro-switches to protect removable panels and the lids of panniers etc. When one of the trigger-switches is closed - the relay will energize and the siren will sound.

You can choose what happens next. If you build the circuit as shown, the siren will continue to sound until you turn it off - or until the battery is exhausted. But, if you leave out the (yellow) solder-bridge in the top left-hand corner of the diagram - the siren will stop sounding immediately the trigger-switch is re-opened.

While you're within earshot of your machine - the former configuration is best. You can always turn off the alarm yourself. But if you are going to be away from your bike for any length of time - and you don't want to cause a nuisance - then the latter configuration is probably more suitable. Connect a SPST switch in place of the (yellow) solder-bridge - and you can select the behaviour that best suits the circumstances at any given time.

Relay Based Motorcycle Alarm Circuit Diagram 2 a

 Relay coils and some sounders produce high reverse-voltage spikes that will destroy sensitive electronic components. D1 and D2 are there to short-circuit these spikes before they can do any damage. Although there is nothing in the alarm circuit itself that could be damaged - I have no idea what other electronic equipment might be connected to the same power supply. So I included the two diodes as a precaution. If you're satisfied that there's nothing on your bike that might be damaged in this way - you can leave out the two diodes.

Whichever alarm you build - the circuit board and switches must be protected from the elements. Dampness or condensation will cause damage. Without the terminal blocks - the board is small. Ideally, you should try to find a siren with enough spare space inside to accommodate it. Fit a 1-amp in-line fuse as close as possible to the power source. This is Very Important. The fuse is there to protect the wiring - not the circuit board. Instead of using a key-switch you can use a hidden switch; or you could use the normally-closed contacts of a small relay. Wire the relay coil so that it's energized while the ignition is on. Then every time you turn the ignition off - the alarm will set itself.

When the alarms are not sounding - the circuits use no current. This should make them useful in other circumstances - where a power supply is not readily available. Powered by dry batteries - with the relay and siren voltages chosen to suit - the alarms could be fitted almost anywhere. 

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In recent years, the use of switch mode power supply (SMPS) has become more comon as more applications demand for greater power eficiency. It makes use of semiconductor (mostly MOSFET) fast switches to switch DC input that has been rectified at high frequency. The advantages of high frequency switching are that it reduces the size of inductor, capacitors & transformer used. Other advantages of switching power supply over linear power supply are :

1) High Efficiency (up to 90% and above for nice design).

2) Output can be higher than input.
3) Able to operate over a variety of input power supply.
4) Able to have over output.

The setback of using SMPS compared to linear power supply is that it generates electrical noise which contributes to electromagnetic compatibility design issues & more part count.

Buck Converter SMPS

The SMPS circuit below from Power Integration makes use of LNK304 as its high frequency switch. Take note that this circuit is non isolated type which means that the output is not electrically isolated from the input & all testing ought to be completed using an isolation transformer to provide the AC line input to the board.

Make positive that you have electrical safety knowledge & experience before you embark on doing this project.

This is a simple Motorcycle Alarm With Transistor Circuit Diagram. It's designed to work at 12-volts. But - if you change the relay for one with a 6-volt coil - it'll protect your "Classic Bike". The standby current is virtually zero - so it won't drain your battery.

Any number of normally-open switches may be used. Fit the mercury switches so that they close when the steering is moved or when the bike is lifted off its side-stand or pushed forward off its centre-stand. Use micro-switches to protect removable panels and the lids of panniers etc. While at least one switch remains closed - the siren will sound.

About one minute after all of the switches have been opened again - the alarm will reset. How long it takes to switch off depends on the characteristics of the actual parts you've used. You can adjust the time to suit your requirements by changing the value of C1 and/or R3.

The circuit is designed to use an electronic Siren drawing 300 to 400mA. It's not usually a good idea to use the bike's own Horn because it can be easily located and disconnected. However, if you choose to use the Horn, remember that the alarm relay is too small to carry the necessary current. Connect the coil of a suitably rated relay to the Siren output - and use its contacts to sound the horn.

The circuit board and switches must be protected from the elements. Dampness or condensation will cause malfunction. Without its terminal blocks, the board is small. Ideally, you should try to find a siren with enough spare space inside to accommodate it. Fit a 1-amp in-line fuse as close as possible to the power source. This is Very Important. The fuse is there to protect the wiring - not the circuit board. Instead of using a key-switch you can use a hidden switch; or you could use the normally-closed contacts of a small relay. Wire the relay coil so that it's energized while the ignition is on. Then every time you turn the ignition off - the alarm will set itself.

When it's not sounding, the circuit uses virtually no current. This should make it useful in other circumstances. For example, powered by dry batteries and with the relay and siren voltages to suit, it could be fitted inside a computer or anything else that's in danger of being picked up and carried away. The low standby current and automatic reset means that for this sort of application an external on/off switch may not be necessary.

When you set the alarm - if one of the switches is closed - the siren will sound. This could cause annoyance late at night. A small modification will allow you to Monitor The State Of The Switches using LEDs. When the LEDs are all off - the switches are all open - and it's safe to turn the alarm on.

The Latest NASA Launches Instagram Account One little step on a social newspapers platform is one giant leap for Instagram. That's because NASA launched an authorized Instagram account on Friday — a communal profile it says will "take its followers on an out-of-this-world excursion through images of soil and beyond." According to a report issue, with content including aeronautics, astrophysics, soil science and human spaceflight, the NASA account will provide a outlook of the bureau by distributing new and historic images and videos.

On its first day on Instagram, NASA concentrated on the launch of its Lunar Atmosphere and dirt Environment Explorer, or LADEE, at 11:27 p.m. from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops isle, Va. NASA states LADEE is a robotic research objective that will orbit the moon to gather data about the structure and composition of the lunar air and determine whether dust is being lofted into the lunar atmosphere.

By 11:30 p.m. ET on Friday, NASA was up to 32,000 followers on Instagram — including 4,000 as of that noon all through the day, NASA posted historic moon images and real-time photographs from the launch convoluted premier up to and encompassing liftoff. As of Saturday, 6,400 Instagram users had admired the LADEE launch likeness.

"That's the topic for the day - Instagram moon day," states John Yembrick, NASA's communal media supervisor, supplementing the search to the moon would be visible from the Carolinas to Maine. According to Yembrick, NASA's Ames Research Center and Goddard Space air travel Center have living Instagram accounts, which NASA was "testing to glimpse how it went." Instagram is a good platform for the bureau because "NASA is such a visual organization," Yembrick states.

NASA has countless images to share, including those from the Hubble telescope as well as the sun.

"What we launch today with images from the moon is such a dynamic article to tell visually," he adds.

The agency furthermore utilises Flicker, Twitter, Facebook and Google+ to share photos. "NASA is trying to motivate the world to investigation and discovery. We'd actually like to come to out to let people know what we're doing in space investigation and how it impacts their lives and forms the world," Yembrick states. "I'd also state we'd like to hit persons who use the [Instagram] stage. One of the things about [Instagram] is that you proceed on to share an facet of your life and through it you can discover what NASA is doing. You don't necessarily expect to discover, but you can if all of a rapid it's in front of you. It's not just images - it's telling the NASA story."

Also on Friday, Instagram handed out a tweet to welcome NASA. By the next day, it had been re-tweeted 1,000 times and favorited 500 times. The agency's primary Twitter account, @NASA, has 4.7 million followers, which NASA states is more than any other government bureau.

NASA furthermore has a occurrence on YouTube, Foursquare and Reddit, among other stages.

"We're endeavouring to evolve," Yembrick says. "We've been on Instagram for awhile, but I wish we were on it sooner. occasionally the government doesn't move as fast, but I think it's a large stage for us as we evolve and are endeavouring to come to a different demographic and audience."

NASA was established by leader Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1958. The association states its dream is "to reach for new heights and disclose the unknown so that what we do and learn will advantage all humankind."

This is a Simple Power Pulse Using by LM350 and NE555 Circuit Diagram. This circuit can use to drive lamp,power LED,DC motor etc. Adjust R5 for output amplitude.Adjust R1 for output power .

This Simple Cmos Motorcycle Alarm Circuit Diagram features an intermittent siren output and automatic reset. It can be operated manually using a key-switch or a hidden switch; but it can also be wired to set itself automatically when you turn-off the ignition. By adding external relays you can immobilize the bike - flash the lights etc.

Any number of normally-open switches may be used. Fit "tilt" switches that close when the steering is moved or when the bike is lifted off its side-stand or pushed forward off its centre-stand. Use micro-switches to protect removable panels and the lids of panniers etc.

Once activated - the rate at which the siren switches on and off is controlled by R9 & C5. For example - increasing the value of C5 will slow it down - while reducing the value of R9 will make it faster.

While at least one switch remains closed the siren will sound. About thirty seconds after all of the switches have been opened, the alarm will reset. How long it takes to switch off depends on the characteristics of the actual components used. You can adjust the time to suit your requirements by changing the value of R6 and/or C4.

The circuit is designed to use an electronic Siren drawing 300 to 400mA. It's not usually a good idea to use the bike's own Horn because it can be easily located and disconnected. However, if you choose to use the Horn, remember that the alarm relay is too small to carry the necessary current. Connect the coil of a suitably rated relay to the "Siren" output. This can then be used to sound the Horn - flash the lights etc.

The circuit board and switches must be protected from the elements. Dampness or condensation will cause malfunction. Connect the 1-amp in-line fuse AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE to your power source. This is VERY IMPORTANT. The fuse is there to protect the wiring - not the alarm. Exactly how the system is fitted will depend on the make of your particular machine - so I'm unable to provide any further help or advice in this regard.

The quiescent (standby) current of the circuit is virtually zero - so there is no drain on the battery. If you want to operate the alarm manually use a key-switch or a hidden switch connected to the "off/set" terminals. For automatic operation connect a wire from the ignition circuit to the "ignit" terminal. Then every time you turn-off the ignition - the alarm will set itself. Remember that this wire from the ignition switch is not protected by your 1-amp inline fuse. So unless its run is very short - fit the wire with its own 1-amp fuse as close as possible to its source.

When you set the alarm - if one of the switches is closed - the siren will sound. This could cause annoyance late at night. A small modification will allow you to Monitor The State Of The Switches using LEDs. When the LEDs are all off - the switches are all open - and it's safe to turn the alarm on.

This is a one watt home stereo amplifier module project using the KA2209 IC from Samsung, which is equivalent to the TDA2822. It operates from 3-12V DC & will work from a battery since the dormant current drain is low. It requires no heat sink for normal use. The input & output are both ground referenced. Maximum output will be obtained with a 12V power supply & 8 ohm speaker, however it is suitable for driving headphones from a supply as low as 3V.

The Specifications of the home stereo amplifier :

D.C. input : 3 – 12 V at 200 – 500 mA max
Idle current : approx. 10 mA
Power output : > 1 Watt max. 4-8 ohms, 12V DC
Freq. Resp. : approx. 40 Hz to 200 kHz, 8 ohm, G=10
THD : < 1 % @ 750 mW, 4-8 ohm, 12V
Gain : approx. x10 (20 dB) OR x100 (40dB)
S/N ratio : > 80 dB, G = 20 dB
Sensitivity : < 300 mV, G = 20 dB
Input Impedance : approx. 10 k ohm

Description 

The gain is adjustable from ten to 100, i.e. twenty to 40 dB. Start with feedback resistors R1 and R3 of 1k ohm, this will give a gain of ten which ought to be adequate for most applications. In case you need more gain, you can remove resistors R1 and R3.This will give a gain of about 100, or 40 dB.The input attenuation can be adjusted by the potentiometer which can be used as a volume control. The IC gain ought to be kept as low as necessary to accomplish full output, with the in put potentiometer and your signal source at maximum.

1 W Home Stereo Amplifier Circuit Diagram

Voltage Gain = 1+ R1/R2 = 1+R3/R4, however the maximum gain with no outside feedback is about 100, or 40dB. (GdB = 20log Gv)

This will keep the signal to noise ratio as high as feasible. Additional gain provided by the amplifier will reduce the S/N ratio by a similar amount, since the input noise figure is constant. Other values for R1 and R3 of between 1k and 10k ohm can be used if an intermediate gain level is necessary.

If driving a pair of headphones, you may also need a 100 ohm resistor in series with each output to reduce the output level, depending on headphone impedance & sensitivity. Make positive you start with the volume right down to check. Numerous headphones may be driven from the amplifier in the event you wish, since most headphones have at least 16 ohm impedance, or more often 32 ohm.

There are only a few outside parts, the IC contains most of the necessary circuitry. R1,R2 and R3,R4 are the feedback resistors. C1 provides power supply decoupling. C2 and C3 are the input coupling capacitors, which block any DC that might-be present on the inputs. C4,C5 block DC in the feed back circuit from the inverting inputs, and C6,C7 are the output coupling capacitors. C8, R5 and C9,R6 act as Nobel networks providing a high frequency load to maintain stability at frequencies where loud speaker inductive reactant may become excessive. The pot provides adjustable input level attenuation.

This design is based on the 18 Watt Audio Amplifier, and was developed mainly to satisfy the requests of correspondents unable to locate the TLE2141C chip. It uses the widespread NE5532 Dual IC but, obviously, its power output will be comprised in the 9.5 - 11.5W range, as the supply rails cannot exceed ±18V.

As amplifiers of this kind are frequently used to drive small loudspeaker cabinets, the bass frequency range is rather sacrificed. Therefore a bass-boost control was inserted in the feedback loop of the amplifier, in order to overcome this problem without quality losses. The bass lift curve can reach a maximum of +16.4dB @ 50Hz. In any case, even when the bass control is rotated fully counterclockwise, the amplifier frequency response shows a gentle raising curve: +0.8dB @ 400Hz, +4.7dB @ 100Hz and +6dB @ 50Hz (referred to 1KHz).

P1_________________22K   Log.Potentiometer (Dual-gang for stereo)
P2________________100K   Log.Potentiometer (Dual-gang for stereo)
R1________________820R   1/4W Resistor
R2,R4,R8____________4K7  1/4W Resistors
R3________________500R   1/2W Trimmer Cermet
R5_________________82K   1/4W Resistor
R6,R7______________47K   1/4W Resistors
R9_________________10R   1/2W Resistor
R10__________________R22   4W Resistor (wirewound)

C1,C8_____________470nF   63V Polyester Capacitor
C2,C5_____________100µF   25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C3,C4_____________470µF   25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C6_________________47pF   63V Ceramic or Polystyrene Capacitor
C7_________________10nF   63V Polyester Capacitor
C9________________100nF   63V Polyester Capacitor

D1______________1N4148    75V 150mA Diode

IC1_____________NE5532    Low noise Dual Op-amp

Q1_______________BC547B   45V 100mA NPN Transistor
Q2_______________BC557B   45V 100mA PNP Transistor
Q3_______________TIP42A   60V 6A    PNP Transistor
Q4_______________TIP41A   60V 6A    NPN Transistor

J1__________________RCA audio input socket

R11_________________1K5  1/4W Resistor

C10,C11__________4700µF   25V Electrolytic Capacitors

D2________________100V 4A Diode bridge
D3________________5mm. Red LED

T1________________220V Primary, 12 + 12V Secondary 24-30VA Mains transformer

PL1_______________Male Mains plug

SW1_______________SPST Mains switch