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This is a complete AVR Tutorial, including avr programming in a very basic & organized way, We will go through by following items.

Click Here is one for Windows

The best way to explain what a microcontroller is, is to start with your computer. Your desktop computer (or laptop) is comprised of multiple parts, a CPU (such as a Pentium or Celeron), some RAM, a hard disk, a keyboard and mouse and a monitor screen. Programs are stored on the hard disk and run on the CPU, with temporary data stored in RAM. You can run multiple programs at a time by having one ‘master program’ called an operating system (such as Linux, Windows or Mac OS X) and that master program keeps track of things for you.

The AVR chip has components, too. It has a CPU, some flash storage, some RAM and some EEPROM, all in one little chip!. The CPU is just like the one in a computer, but its much simpler and not nearly as fast (what do you expect for $2.50?) The flash storage is just like the flash storage in your mp3 player or digital camera card, except its used to store programs. Its kinda like the hard disk of the microcontroller, except you can only read from it. The RAM is just like computer RAM. The EEPROM is kinda like flash except you cant run a program from it, but its used as long term storage. The EEPROM doesnt get erased when the chip loses power.

So, to recap: The AVR chip runs whatever program is stored in the flash, uses the RAM for temporary storage and the EEPROM for longer term storage.

Most computers have a 32-bit CPU running at 1GHz, with 1GB of RAM and 100 GB of storage. The kinds of micro-controllers discussed here run at 10MHz, have 1KB of RAM and 10KB of storage. (On the order of) However, their small size, lower power consumption and low cost make them an excellent choice for many projects!

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Black speed switch, three wire capacitor.

 

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Here is a low-cost and simple wireless stepper motor controller using infrared signals. Using this circuit you can control the stepper motor from a distance of up to four metres.

The circuit comprises transmitter and receiver sections. The communication between the transmitter and receiver sections is achieved through infrared signals.

In the transmitter section, timer NE555 ICs (IC1 and IC2) are configured as astable multivibrators with frequencies of around 1 Hz and 38 kHz, respectively. The output of IC1 is given to reset pin 4 of IC2, so the 38kHz carrier signal is modulated by 1Hz modulating signal. The modulated signal from pin 3 of IC2 is transmitted by the infrared LED.  Resistor R5 limits the current through the IR LED.

The transmitted signal is sensed by IR receiver module TSOP1738 (IC6) of the receiver section and its output at pin 3 is used as clocks for dual flip-flop 74LS74 Ics (IC3 and IC4), which are configured as a ring counter.

When the power is switched on, the first flip-flop is set and its Q1 output goes high, while the other three flip-flops are reset and their outputs go low. On receiving the first clock pulse, the high output of the first flip-flop gets shifted to the second flip-flop. Thus on reception of every clock pulse, the high output keeps shifting in a ring fashion.

The outputs of flip-flops are amplified by the Darlington transistor array inside ULN2003 (IC5) and connected to the stepper motor windings marked ‘A’ through ‘D.’ The common point of the windings is connected to +12V DC supply.

To stop the motor, the flip-flops can be reset manually by pressing reset switch S1. On releasing the reset switch, the stepper motor again starts moving. If any interruption occurs between the transmitter and the receiver, the motor stops.

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Here is a low-cost and simple wireless stepper motor controller using infrared signals. Using this circuit you can control the stepper motor from a distance of up to four meters.

The circuit comprises transmitter and receiver sections. The communication between the transmitter and receiver sections is achieved through infrared signals.

Wireless Stepper Motor Controllers Circuit Diagram



In the transmitter section, timer NE555 ICs (IC1 and IC2) are configured as astable multivibrators with frequencies of around 1 Hz and 38 kHz, respectively. The output of IC1 is given to reset pin 4 of IC2, so the 38kHz carrier signal is modulated by 1Hz modulating signal. The modulated signal from pin 3 of IC2 is transmitted by the infrared LED.  Resistor R5 limits the current through the IR LED.

The transmitted signal is sensed by IR receiver module TSOP1738 (IC6) of the receiver section and its output at pin 3 is used as clocks for dual flip-flop 74LS74 Ics (IC3 and IC4), which are configured as a ring counter.


When the power is switched on, the first flip-flop is set and its Q1 output goes high, while the other three flip-flops are reset and their outputs go low. On receiving the first clock pulse, the high output of the first flip-flop gets shifted to the second flip-flop. Thus on reception of every clock pulse, the high output keeps shifting in a ring fashion.

The outputs of flip-flops are amplified by the Darlington transistor array inside ULN2003 (IC5) and connected to the stepper motor windings marked ‘A’ through ‘D.’ The common point of the windings is connected to +12V DC supply.

To stop the motor, the flip-flops can be reset manually by pressing reset switch S1. On releasing the reset switch, the stepper motor again starts moving. If any interruption occurs between the transmitter and the receiver, the motor stops

Simple Tactful Triac Controller Circuit Diagram. This is the sensitive triac circuit in this circuit the single transistor connected between the capacitor and the common side of the ac line allows a logic-level signal to control this triac power circuit. Resistor R2 prevents false triggering of the triac by the trickle current through the diac.

Simple Automatic Water Pump Controller Circuit Diagram is a series of functions to control the Automatic Water Pump Controller Circuit in a reservoir or water storage. As the water level sensor made with a metal plate mounted on the reservoir or water tank, with a sensor in the short to create the top level and a detection sensor for detecting long again made the lower level and ground lines connected to the bottom of reservoirs or reservoir. 

The series of automatic water pump controller is designed with 2 inputs NOR by 4 pieces and relay that is activated by the transistor. Automatic water pump circuit requires +12 VDC voltage source and can be used to control the water pump is connected to AC power . Here is the complete series of pictures.

R1 = 15K

R2 = 15K

R3 = 10K

R4 = 1K

D1 = LED

D2 = 1N4148

Q1 = BC337

IC1 = 4001

SW = SPDT Switches

Relay RL1 = 12V

Here  are two simple 12V DC motor speed controllers that can be built for  just a few dollars. They exploit the fact that the rotational speed of a  DC motor is directly proportional to the mean value of its supply  voltage. The first circuit shows how variable voltage speed control can  be obtained via a potentiometer (VR1) and compound emitter follower (Q1  & Q2). With this arrangement, the motor’s DC voltage can be varied  from 0V to about 12V. This type of circuit gives good speed control and  self-regulation at medium to high speeds but very poor low-speed control  and slow starts. The second circuit uses a switchmode technique to vary  motor speed.

Here a quad NOR gate (IC1) acts as a 50Hz  astable multivibrator that generates a rectangular output. The  mark-space ratio of the rectangular waveform is fully variable from 20:1  to 1:20 via potentiometer VR1. The output from the multivibrator drives  the base of Q1, which in turn drives Q2 and the motor. The motor’s mean  supply voltage (integrated over a 50Hz period) is thus fully variable  with VR1 but is applied in the form of high-energy "pulses" with peak  values of about 12V.

 

This type of circuit gives excellent  full-range speed control and gives high motor torque, even at very low  speeds. Its degree of speed self-regulation is proportional to the mean  value of the applied voltage. Note that for most applications, the power  transistor (Q2) in both circuits will need to be mounted on an  appropriate heatsink.

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